P 84 
.P67 
Copy 1 



HISTORICAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL LABOR 



II<I,USTRATED IN THE WORK OF 



ELISHA REYNOLDS POTTER, 



i;ATE JUDGE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF RHODE ISI^AND. 



AN ADDRESS DEI,IVERED BEFORE THE 

RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 

JULY 11, 18S2. 



BY 

SIDNEY S. RIDER. 



providence: 

, , ' THE FRANKWN press COMPANY. 

^4^ I90I. 



HISTORICAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL LABOR 



II,I,USTRATED IN THE WORK OF 



ELISHA REYNOLDS POTTER, 



I<ATE JUDGE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF RHODE ISI^AND. 



AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE 

RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 

JULY 11, 1882. 



BY 

SIDNEY S. RIDER. 



providence: 
the franklin press company. 

1901. 



MINUTK 

ENTERED ON THE RECORDS OF THE RHODE ISLAND 
HISTORICAL SOCIETY, JULY ii, 1882. 



A distinguished member of this Society has been removed 
by death since our last quarterly meeting, whose constant and 
valuable labors in aid of our local history, as well as his public 
services, deserve special recognition. 

The Honorable EHsha Reynolds Potter, of South Kings- 
town, died at his home, April 10, 1882, in the 71st year of his 
age. 

Born at Kingston, June 20, 181 1 ; endowed with the prestige 
of his father's name; prepared for college at the academy in 
his native village; graduated at Harvard University in 1830; 
he entered upon the study of law and was admitted to the bar 
of this State October 9, 1832. The taste for historical pursuits 
was developed in his early life, and in him we have the 
remarkable instance of a young man hardly twenty-four years 
old gathering the scattered and perishing memorials of the 
settlement of the ancient King's Province, which, in 1835, 
under the title "Early History of Narragansett," he gave to 
this Society for its third vo'lume of collections. In 1837, as the 
result of diligent research and careful study, he prepared and 
published an account of the paper currency of Rhode Island, 
which was reprinted by Mr. Henry Phillips, Jr., in his "His- 
torical Sketches of the Paper Currency of the American Col- 



4 HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 

onies," and again reprinted, enlarged and revised by Mr. Rider 
in his series of Rhode Island Historical Tracts. Besides these, 
in frequent addresses and papers, in legislative speeches, and 
newspaper articles, in numerous genealogies and even in notes 
to judicial opinions, he has added largely to our historical 
literature and preserved much valuable information which 
might otherwise have been lost. 

The greater part of his life was devoted to public service, 
at dififerent times in the General Assembly of the State ; during 
one session in Congress ; for five years as Commissioner of 
Public Schools, and, for the last twelve years, on the bench 
of the Supreme Court. In private life he was a kind neighbor, 
a true friend, a wise counsellor and an honored citizen. He 
was admitted a resident member of this Society July 19, 1832, 
and from 1850 to 1855 held the office of Vice-President. For 
love of his native State ; for honorable public service ; for faith- 
fulness to duty ; for patience in endeavor ; for variety of learn- 
ing ; for purity of character ; for abounding charity, and for 
that crowning glory of man's life — the earnest effort to make 
others wiser, happier and better — his memory will long be 
cherished and his beneficent example held in grateful honor. 



THE ADDRESS. 

Mr. President and G€ntlemen : 

Brought by the nature of my avocation into almost daily 
contact with the most carefully and highly educated men and 
women in Rhode Island, it has become almost a passion to 
recall and consider the memories of some such men and women 
who once were, but are now no longer my contemporaries. 
Among these men and women were Thomas Allen Jenckes, 
Dr. Isaac Ray, Albert Gorton Greene, Robinson Potter Dunn, 
J. Lewis Diman, Elisha Reynolds Potter, and, notwithstanding 
anachorism, I now include the names of Mrs. Anna A. Ives, 
Mary E. Potter and Elizabeth Francis. With the minute 
placed upon our records to preserve the memory and attest our 
respect for our late learned associate, Elisha Reynolds Potter, 
I am heartily in accord. Moreover (I speak with all due 
courtesy). Judge Potter was my personal friend. I can give 
no better reason for this friendship than my own appreciation 
for the integrity of his historical labors ; for them I have only 
admiration. Made at a time so early, when research among 
dusty manuscripts was so difficult, and when historical accur- 
acy was considered of secondary importance, not only in Rhode 
Island, but elsewhere in New England, Mr. Potter's works 
stand forth with increasing brilliancy ; they marked an epoch. 
There can be no better way of giving emphasis to these opin- 
ions than by giving an account of Mr. Potter's work along 
these lines. These rehearsals may be as household tales retold 



6 HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 

to you ; nevertheless bear with me a few moments while I set 
them before you. Little has since been discovered that Mr. 
Potter failed to find, and not a single fact that he mistated or 
misrepresented. 

The earliest work, in print, by Mr. Potter is a report pre- 
pared for the Committee on Religious 'Corporations of the 
R. I. General Assembly and made to that body in January, 
1834. Mr. Potter was not a member of the committee, nor, 
indeed, of the Legislature, but he was employed by the com- 
mittee to write its report. He was less than 23 years of age. 
The report is exhaustive in its examination of the powers 
granted by the General 'Assembly to religious corporations, 
and he who wishes to understand this subject can rely upon 
its statements with perfect safety. He will find discussed in 
the report the question of taxation of church property and 
the necessity of statutes of mortmain. 

The following year, 1835, Mr. Potter issued his second 
work, the "Early History of Narragansett." This society 
purchased a number of copies and made it the third volume 
of their Collections. The period covered by this book is from 
the earliest notices of these lands by the fi.rst settlers in New 
England, to about the year 1730, just a century. The book 
is more in the form of annals than of a digested story. In the 
appendix the author gathered many documents which had, un- 
til that time, been unpublished. This was the pioneer work on 
the subject. It has always been, and now continues the chief 
authority. When we consider the difficult nature of the gather- 
ing of such scattered historical material for the first time, 
the exhaustiveness and the accuracy of the work, and the 



HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 7 

yoitthfulness of the author at the time the work was done, it 
is apparent that all must concede it to be a marvellously ex- 
cellent production. 

The copy of this book in the collection which I have gath- 
ered is a presentation from the author to Albert G. Greene, 
9th December, 1835. It now contains notes of errors, citations 
of authorities, and other historical notes by myself. The book 
is in chronological order. There are eight typographical er- 
rors in date; for instance, p. 47, 1647 appears as 2647; PP-55"6, 
1658 appears three times as 1758, etc. On page 109, under the 
date May, 1701, a "Deed of Potowomut" is mentioned. In the 
R. I. Col. Rec, V. 3, p. 439, this document is mentioned as a 
"Deed of Portsmouth." The error is in the Colonial Records: 
Mr. Potter is correct. I have spoken of eight typographical 
errors in dates, and given but four instances ; since it may help 
others I note the others : At p. 58 the date 1658 appears as 
1668; at p. 60 the date 1659 appears as 1639; ^^ P- 77 ^^e date 
1658 appears as 1657 ; at p. 107 the date 1687 is printed 1787. 

The use of the word "thickest" by Mr. Potter affords me an 
opportunity to still further illustrate his accuracy by a curious 
note. In the year 1641 he states (page 31) that Richard 
Smith purchased land and built a house among the thickest 
of the Indians." Mr. Potter does not cite his authority, but I 
will cite it: Mass. Hist Soc. Coll., ist Ser., v. 5, p. 216, and 
it is correctly used by Mr. Potter. On page 166 of his appen- 
dix Mr. Potter prints a letter written by Roger Williams in 
which the phrase occurs : Smith "put up in the thickest of ye 
barbarians ye first English house." Where Mr. Potter made 
his copy of this letter he does not state, nor have I discovered. 



8 HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 

Mr. Backus (Hist. New Eng. Baptists, v. i, p. 421, 1777) 
also prints this letter, in which this word "thickest" is printed 
"thickets." These two copies are verbally very different. In 
1834 Mr. Knowles (Memoir of Roger Williams, 349) reprints 
the letter, but where Backus printed "thickets" Mr. Knowles 
prints "thickest." In 1874 the 6th volume of the Narragansett 
Club Publication was printed, and this letter was again taken 
from Backus and precisely the same error was made — "thick- 
ets" was printed "thickest." It is thus easily shown tbat Mr. 
Knowles and Mr. Bartlett, who edited the I, II, Narr. Club 
were both in error ; but I cannot yet show which was correct, 
Mr. Potter or Mr. Backus, in Mr. Williams' use of the word 
thickets or thickest. Not an error do my notes disclose, and 
but few citations of authorities in support, or of additional 
facts of material consequence. 

In 1886 this volume was reprinted, and at the end of the 
volume the "Notes and additional matter in illustration of the 
preceding portion of this volume" was added, covering upward 
of a hundred pages. 

In May, 1823, Elisha R. Potter, Sen., with eight other men, 
procured from the General Assembly a charter of incorpora- 
tion for the Pettaquamscut Academy. These gentlemen stated 
that "for some years past they had supported a grammar 
school at Little Rest in South Kingston, and now desired in- 
corporation. In June, 1823, certain Pettaquamscut land 
which a century and a quarter before had been bequeathed for 
educational purposes, was ordered sold by the General As- 
sembly and the proceeds devoted to the uses of this Academy. 
In May, 1826, the name was changed to Kingston Academy. 



HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 9 

With this institution Elisha R. Potter, Jr., was connected in 
many ways. He was there a student, a classical teacher, a 
trustee, and president. He prepared the catalogues, in which 
are the names of students who became most prominent men 
in years afterward. Mr. Potter, as president, prepared a state- 
ment in relation to the funds of the academy which contains 
historical information not easily accessible elsewhere. It was 
printed in 1836. 

In 1837 Mr. Potter issued his third work, a brief account 
of emissions of paper money made by the Colony of Rhode 
Island. This was a pamphlet of fifty pages. It was, like its 
predecessors, a work of original research, covering a period 
from 1710 to 1786. It was reprinted by Mr. Henry Phillips, 
Jr., in his Historical Sketches of the Paper Currency of the 
American Colonies, but without note or comment. This was 
about 1863. It has since been re-written and published in the 
series Rhode Island Historical Tracts, with an index and 
many fac similies. The inherent interest of the subject, stimu- 
lated by the very high price which the little pamphlet reached 
at the various auction sales throughout the country, suggested 
its re-publication. It may with propriety now be stated that 
the price of the Tract itself has already more than doubled, 
although the book has been published less than two years. 

In 1839, Mr- Potter, being a member of the R. I. House of 
Representatives, wrote a report concerning the affairs of the 
Narragansett tribe of Indians (Jan. Acts & Resolves, R. I. 
Gen. Assem., p. 28), covering their land titles and the en- 
croachment of their white neighbors upon their lands. Severe 
punishments were suggested by Mr. Potter, but never put into 
execution. 



lo HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 

In 1842, at the close of the poHtical troubles resulting in the 
formation of the present constitution of Rhode Island, Mr. 
Potter published his fourth work. He called it "Considera- 
tions on the Questions of the Adoption of a Constitution and 
Extension of Suffrage in Rhode Island." The author says in 
his preface that altogether military force was no longer to be 
feared, yet civil agitation will doubtless long continue. The 
present constitution had not been adopted. He pretends to no 
originality of thought in the presentation of his subject, but 
frankly states that he has gathered from many authors what- 
ever appeared to him to be common sense, and when it was 
stated in strong and forcible language, incorporated it into his 
argument, of course giving credit for the_ same, preferring 
rather to lose the reputation for originality for himself and 
gain in weight of authority for the opinions which he advo- 
cated. The pamphlet is of the greatest value. It is essentially 
historical, and like all its predecessors, a book of original re- 
search. It is a complete and perfect epitome of the political 
history of the Colony and State of Rhode Island from the 
earliest times. It was printed in Boston in 1842. The edition 
soon became exhausted, but the continuous demand upon its 
author for copies from all parts of the country induced him in 
1879 to reprint it without change, but in a note 'he frankly 
says that having been printed so long ago it requires some little 
knowledge of Rhode Island history to understand its allusions 
and references and therefore recommends the politicians of the 
present day to take a slight preparatory course in that study 
before undertaking it. It was while Mr. Potter was a member 
of the national House of Representatives, in 1844, that the 



HISTORICAL RESEARCH. ii 

Democratic members of the Rhode Island General Assembly 
sent to the House a memorial asking the House to inquire 
into the conduct of the President of the United States in rela- 
tion to the late troubles in Rhode Island. A select committee 
was appointed, to whom the memorial was referred. Mr. 
Burke, of this committee, moved for power to send for per- 
sons and papers. Mr. Cousin, of the same committee, moved 
that the select committee be discharged from further considera- 
tion of the subject. Mr. Potter addressed the House, urging 
his reasons why the first of these motions should not prevail 
and the subject be not further acted upon. 

His argument was unsuccessful, the committee was contin- 
ued and two reports came from it. A majority report now 
known as Mr. Burke's and minority report as Mr. Cousin's, 
much less in size and much less known than the former. 

Mr. Potter now became deeply interested in the subject of 
popular education, and for the succeeding ten years he gave 
his entire time to the gathering and dissemination of ideas 
relating to the subject. Laws were lacking. Mr. Potter 
entered at once into the work, and laws were made. There- 
upon he prepared for popular use Remarks on the Provisions 
of the School Laws and on the Duties of the different officers 
and bodies under them. These he followed by a set of forms, 
or precedents for proceedings in the administration of the 
system, and still further by a specimen of rules and regula- 
tions for adoption by the school committees of the several 
towns. 

The object of all this work was, of course, to explain to 
the people the laws which had been made, and to prepare their 



12 HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 

minds to receive and execute them. The use of the forms was 
to assist the people in the execution of the laws, while the 
regulations proposed were to assist school committees in the 
prosecution of their duties. Very much of this work still re- 
mains in active use throughout the State. 

His services in this preliminary work, and the wisdom he 
exercised in the preparation and adaptation of a new system, 
so that it would enter upon its work not only with the least 
possible friction, but with positive satisfaction, a system so 
intimately connected with the social life of every individual 
must be conceded by all to be the consummate art of the states- 
man. With all these good works I must claim for my friend 
the most intimate personal connection. 

Mr. Potter continued these labors in the cause of popular 
education by the careful selection of books for village libraries, 
leading the way by the establishing of such an institution in 
his native town at his own personal cost and free to everybody. 
He printed catalogues for gratuitous distribution among the 
people, teaching them how to select good books, and these he 
followed by little tracts which he called "Hints on Reading." 
So modest was he in his work that none of these things bear 
his name, and few knew him to be connected with their issue. 
For the purpose of interesting his ,townspeople in the studies 
which he loved so much, he prepared and delivered before a 
lyceum there an essay, which he called "A Brief History of 
the English Language, and of the Principal Changes it has 
Undergone." This essay commanded the admiration of the 
best educators of the time. It was reprinted at length in the 
Massachusetts Common School Journal, thereby reaching an 



HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 13 

audience much larger than that for which Mr. Potter intended 
it. 

In 1849 ^^- Potter became Commissioner of Public Schools, 
following Mr. Barnard, who retired from ill-health. This 
office Mr. Potter held until October, 1854, his last report being 
made to the General Assembly at that session. The subjects 
discussed by Mr. Potter in these annual reports well illustrate 
the labors which he performed and the intelligence which he 
brought to bear upon them. The following are some of these 
subjects: The Object of Education, The Studies, The Means 
of Improving the Public Schools, Lyceum Lectures, Grades 
and Qualifications of Teachers, The Arrangement of Districts, 
The Education of Children in' Factories, Moral Education, 
The Relation of Education to the Prevention of Crime, The 
Establishment of a Normal School for the Education of Teach- 
ers, The Proper Place of Colleges in the Educational System, 
Objections to Education Considered, The Fundamental Prin- 
ciples of a Public Educational System, Of Prayer and Relig- 
ious Exercises in Public Schools, and the Connection of these 
Schools with Religion, The Use of the Bible in the Public 
Schools, and many kindred matters. 

On the subject of Religious Instruction in the Public 
Schools he published a report of upwards of two hundred 
pages, embodying his own views, sustained by the opinions of 
the best classes of English writers upon the subject. His re- 
search in this case was very great, and his report is a complete 
encyclopaedia upon the subject. He sums up the case by say- 
ing there are two principal versions of the Bible. One the 
Douay used by Roman Catholics, and the other the King 



14 HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 

James used by Protestants. The Roman Catholic objects to 
having his children obliged to read from the King James ver- 
sion. Thereupon Mr. Potter asks the Protestant, were he to 
move into a neighborhood where the Roman Catholic influence 
prevails in the schools, would he like that his children were 
obliged to read the Douay Bible? and then he refers them both 
to the golden rule : "Do unto others as ye would that others 
should do unto you." 

In February, 1851, Mr. Potter delivered an historical address 
before this society. It was subsequently published. It pre- 
sented some considerations respecting the history of education 
in this State, with refernce to the causes which prevented, dur- 
ing the earlier years of the settlement, the establish- 
ment of a system of public instruction. It sets forth in a 
clear light the persecutions of the first settlers by surrounding 
colonies, the causes which led them here and in a general way 
the results which followed the bringing together of incongru- 
ous elements. The address having long been out of print, 
a second edition was published in 1875. It was unchanged, 
save by the addition of a single historical note concerning 
slaves and slavery in Massachusetts and the other New Eng- 
land States. 

In January, 1852, Mr. Potter began the publication of a 
monthly educational magazine. It was sustained mainly by 
his own contributions, and such selections from contemporary 
English and American writers as he saw fit to include. Mr. 
Potter continued this publication until and including August, 
1853, when it expired. The searcher among the leaves of this 
unpretending little magazine will find them enriched with 



HISTORICAL RESEARCH. I5 

some of the choicest bits of English literature which the lan- 
guage affords. Educational topics are discussed with that 
brevity and plain common sense which characterizes all the 
work of this laborious scholar. 

The work done by Mr. Potter upon the map of Rhode Island 
made by H. F. Walling in 1854 and republished in 1855 is one 
of the most valuable historical works ever done by him. On 
these maps are indicated the localities of all known purchases 
of land from the Indians, and the Indian names are affixed to 
all localities which Mr. Potter could discover ; it is indeed a 
mine of Indian nomenclature. 

The Rhode Island Normal School was opened at Providence 
in May, 1854. The delivery of an address at the opening 
devolved upon Mr. Potter in his capacity of Commissioner of 
Public Schools. He presents in a clear and concise way the 
purpose for which the school was established, warns both 
teachers and pupils of the dangers which he thinks beset the 
enterprise, and urges all to work together for the common 
good. He entered heartily into the work, notwithstanding 
he had been in favor of another plan. He thought that Brown 
University, being possessed of the necessary appliances, could 
more cheaply and better prepare and supply the common 
schools with teachers than a new institution standing alone 
by itself could do. 

In August, 1861, Mr. Potter being a Senator from South 
Kingsto^vn, offered in the Senate the following resolution: 
"Resolved, That in the present crisis of our public affairs 
there ought to be a full and sincere union of all parties in 
support "of the constitutionally elected government of the 



i6 HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 

United States, and that this General Assembly pledges to the 
President of the United States the best exertions of the gov- 
ernment and people of Rhode Island and its entire resources 
for the preservation of the Union." This resolution Mr. Pot- 
ter supported in a speedi, which was subsequently printed. 
The speech was delivered just after the first battle at Bull 
Run. In it is this paragraph : "And to such a war, an anti- 
slavery war, it seems to me we are inevitably drifting. It 
seems to me hardly in the power of human wisdom to prevent 
it. * '^ Compromise is for the present out of the question. 
Since the last battle the South will not, and the North cannot 
with self-respect offer tenns of peaceable re-union." This was 
two years in advance of the Emancipation Proclamation. 

In August, 1862, Mr. Potter, still a member of the Rhode 
Island Senate, prepared a report upon the "Right of a Legis- 
lature to Grant a Perpetual Exemption from Taxation." The 
question was as to the repeal of that portion of the charter of 
Brown University which exempted the property of the Presi- 
dent and professors from taxation. A repealing act was pro- 
posed, and many cases cited in support of the position that 
the General Assembly did not possess the power to grant such 
exemption. But the corporation consenting, an act limiting 
the amount of such exemptions to ten thousand dollars was 
passed, so that the principle contended for in the report was 
not acted upon by the Legislature. 

In March, 1863, Mr. Potter offered, in the Rhode Island 
Senate, the following: "Resolved, That in the opinion of this 
General Assembly it is desirable to effect a settlement of our 
present national difficulties upon the basis of a restoration of 



HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 17 

the constitutional rights of all the States, as soon as it can 
honorably be done." This resolution Mr. Potter supported 
in a speech of great vigor and characteristic research, but the 
resolution failed of a passage, and on the same day the As- 
sembly adjourned. 

One of the most laborious efforts in Mr. Potter's life was 
his deposition in the copyright case Lawrence vs. Dana. This 
labor was nothing less than the careful examination, page 
by page, even line by line, of two books, one of them nearly 
1200 pages and the other nearly as many. About a hundred 
thousand printed lines were examined with a minuteness and 
carefulness unequalled in such cases hitherto. This was ac- 
complished in 1867. As a printed document it covers above 
a hundred and fifty closely printed pages, and is indeed a liter- 
ary curiosity. 

The last published work of Mr. Potter was a Memoir con- 
cerning the French settlements in the colony of Rhode Island. 
Tlie outrages perpetrated upon this little colony were men- 
tioned in his historical address in 1851. In this memoir they 
are vividly set forth in detail. The genealogies of several 
Rhode Island families appear in this tract. Genealogy was a 
study to which Mr. Potter had given much attention. 

In this sketch I make no mention of the judicial opinions 
of Judge Potter, which may be found in their proper places 
in the Rhode Island Reports; nor of the great research and 
labor, the work of his hand and mind in the "History of the 
Narragansett Church," tracings of which appear on almost 
every page. 



i8 HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 

These comprise all the printed works of JMr. Potter so 
far as my present knowledge extends. Allusion has been 
made in a recent biographical notice to a report on abolition 
petitions, but no copy of it has fallen under my notice. 

Great as was the labor and research required in these va- 
rious works, they are as nothing wben compared to the work 
done by Mr. Potter in the books in his library at Little Rest. 
Here every book shov^^s tracing of his examination. Let us 
take ever so secluded a walk in his library, we shall find the 
fingermarks of this indefatigable scholar. 

Possessed of a knowledge of surveying, scarcely a farm in 
the Narragansett country is there which he had not meas- 
ured, and its metes and bounds examined. He knew the his- 
tory of every land title from the advent of Richard Smith to 
the day when he died. Possessed of a knowledge of botany, 
not a fiower was born, and grew, and died that he had not 
learned its pedigree. Possessed of a knowledge of forestry, 
not a tree nor a shrub grew in the south counties oi which he 
knew not its story. Virgil was his favorite Latin author, but 
his library is filled with the classics in many editions, both 
ancient and modern. He could read Dante and Tasso in 
their mother tongue, and with French he was as familiar as 
with English. Passionately fond of the terse and sententious 
sayings of men, he had a large book case filled with what we 
now term Ana, every book of which shows his handiwork. 
In some former time of his life he had given much time to 
the history of religion, and no man among us possessed a 
greater knowledge. In a knowledge of matters concerning the 
laws and history of Rhode Island, few men were his equals, 
and none his superior. 



HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 19 

Mr. Potter was an immense collector of books, but he was 
more than that ; he was an immense reader of books, and which 
were read for the purpose of acquiring knowledge. A fact 
which he had once read never after escaped from his tenacious 
memory, but years afterwards he could at once recall it for 
immediate use. 

Unnumbered times have I had occasion to test his memory 
in this way, and I can remember no occasion when he kept 
me waiting an answer. His knowledge was ever present, and 
ever free to every seeker who sought for it in the right spirit 
and had good cause for his inquiries. 

Thus then stands forth the character of my friend. 
He was the friend of the poor. He was among the earliest 
and strongest friends of education free to all people. He was 
the careful and laborious student of the State for the good of 
the State. He was the staunch supporter of the State and of 
the general Government in their times of extremest peril. 
He was the first among us to establish at his private cost free 
public libraries— a project which the State now fosters and 
men emulate. If these things are virtues, then, indeed, was 
my friend virtuous. 



Jj^BRARY OF CONGRESS 
014 075 549 7^ 



